Relationship of sagittal thoracic postural and inlet parameters with nontraumatic neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Objectives Neck pain (NP) is associated with substantial disability as well as economic and psychological distress. T1 slope (T1S) and thoracic inlet angle (TIA) reflect cervical sagittal imbalance, which can have clinical/surgical implications. Evidence of the relationship between the sagittal thoracic posture and inlet parameters and pain and functional status is inconclusive. This review aimed to determine whether these parameters differ between NP and pain-free subjects and to critically appraise their correlation with NP measures. Methods The review consists of 15 studies that evaluated thoracic postural and/or inlet parameters on adult NP patients, after a comprehensive literature search from EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Statistical heterogeneity, mean pooled difference (MPD), and effect size were calculated to establish a relationship among studies and to assess the correlation of thoracic postural and inlet parameters with NP measures, positional variation, and NP predictors. Sensitivity analysis was performed in case of high between-studies heterogeneity. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Certainty of evidence was graded using GRADE approach. Results Only TIA had a significant MPD of 2.12 (0.48, 3.75). The other measures, namely T1S, neck tilt (NT), high thoracic angle, and thoracic kyphosis angle, were not different between NP and asymptomatic subjects. NP population had a 3.14° higher TIA, 4.12° higher NT, and 2.26° lower T1S in lying position (relative to upright). Only thoracic kyphosis and T1S predicted the presence of NP. Very low to low certainty of evidence exists for most of the outcome measures assessed. Conclusion Limited evidence is available for the association between the sagittal thoracic postural and inlet parameters in nontraumatic cervical dysfunction. Test-position differences reflect marginally lower T1S, and higher TIA, NT in lying than the upright. The existing evidence is insufficient to prove a minor, if any, association of thoracic posture with NP.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.031 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.019 | 0.031 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".