Discovery and Timing of Millisecond Pulsars in the Globular Cluster M5 with FAST and Arecibo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We report on a comprehensive multiwavelength study of the pulsars in the globular cluster (GC) M5, including the discovery of M5G, a new compact noneclipsing “black widow” pulsar. Thanks to the analysis of 34 yr of radio data taken with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope and Arecibo telescopes, we obtained new phase-connected timing solutions for four pulsars and improved those of the other three. These have resulted in, among other things, (a) much improved proper motions for five pulsars, with transverse velocities (relative to the cluster) that are smaller than their respective escape velocities; (b) 3σ and 1.5σ detections of Shapiro delays in M5F and M5D, respectively; and (c) greatly improved measurement of the periastron advance in M5B, whose value of ω ̇ = 0 .° 01361 ( 6 ) implies that M5B is still likely to be a heavy ( m p = 1.981 − 0.088 + 0.038 M ⊙ ) neutron star. The binary pulsars M5D, M5E, and M5F are confirmed to be in low-eccentricity binary systems, the low-mass companions of which are newly identified to be He white dwarfs using Hubble Space Telescope data. Four pulsars are also found to be associated with X-ray sources. Similarly to the eclipsing pulsar M5C, M5G shows little or no nonthermal X-ray emission, indicative of weak synchrotron radiation produced by intrabinary shocks. All seven pulsars known in M5 have short spin periods (<8 ms), and five are in binary systems with low orbital eccentricities. These characteristics differ from the overall GC pulsar population but confirm the expectations for the pulsar population in a cluster with a small rate of stellar encounters per binary system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".