Supplementary material to "Estimation of Canada’s methane emissions: inverse modelling analysis using the ECCC measurement network"
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alert (ALT, 82.5˚ N, 62.5˚ W), Nunavut, has been referred to as an Arctic background site, being located thousands of kilometres from major source regions.The Alert observatory is ~6 km away from the military base camp.The lack of local source surrounding the site results in no significant diurnal variation in observed atmospheric CH4 concentrations all year around.In the winter, under weak vertical mixing, well-defined synoptic variations are observed due to inter-continental scale transport along with mainly anthropogenic CH4 originating from the Eurasia continent (Worthy et al., 2009).The measurements at Alert can represent the large-scale background conditions like long-term trend and mean seasonal cycle in the Arctic (Worthy et al., 2009).Behchoko (BCK, 62.8˚ N, 115.9˚W), Northwest Territories, is located on the northwest tip of Great Slave Lake.The continuous measurement was started in October 2012.The air sampling intake is at the top of a 60 m communication tower in a local power generation station: 10 km away from the town of Behchoko, a community ~80 km northwest of Yellowknife, the capital of Northwest Territories.Mixed forests, lakes and ponds surround BCK.Chibougamau (CHM, 49.7˚ N, 74.3˚ W) and Chapais (CPS, 49.8N, 75.0W),Quebec: CHM is surrounded by boreal forest and lakes, located 30 km south of the town of Chibougamau in central Quebec.CHM's continuous GHG measurement program started in August 2007 and was replaced with CPS in 2011.CPS is located ~45 km northwest of CHM, 10 km north of the town of Chapais.The air sampling was started at an 8 m tower and then moved to a 40 m tower in September 2014.Churchill (CHL, 58.7˚ N, 93.8 ˚ W), Manitoba, is located on the west coast of Hudson Bay.The GHG monitoring program began with flask air sampling in 2007 before the continuous measurement system started in October 2011.The sampling equipment is installed in the Churchill Northern Studies Research Facility, ~23 km east of Churchill.CHL is situated with Arctic tundra to the north and in the northern perimeter of the Hudson Bay Lowland, the largest boreal wetland in North America.Downsview (DWS, 43.8˚ N, 79.5˚ W), Ontario, is located in the ECCC GHG laboratory.DWS is in the suburbs of Toronto, ~15 km north of the downtown, surrounded by a mixture of residential and industrial areas with the adjacent green space in the south.The air sampling intake is installed 20 m above ground, on the top of the laboratory building.Continuous measurement has been steadily operated since 2012.East Trout Lake (ETL, 54.4˚ N, 105˚ W), Saskatchewan, is located near the southern edge of the boreal forest, ~140 km north of the closest town, Prince Albert.ETL started in 2005 as a replacement for Candle Lake (CDL), south of 50 km of ETL.CDL began in 2002 as a part of the Boreal Ecosystem Research and Monitoring Site (BERMS) and Fluxnet Canada research program.The air sampling intake is installed on a 105 m communication tower.Egbert (EGB, 44.2˚ N, 79.8˚ W), Ontario, is ~100 km north of Toronto, on the campus of the Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments (CARE), a laboratory of ECCC.As a regionally representative site, EGB provides the infrastructure for long-term atmospheric observations of air quality, tropospheric ozone, and greenhouse gases.The GHG measurement started in March 2005.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.680 | 0.184 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".