Late-life Onset Psychosis-like Symptoms Assessed in the Mild Behavioral Impairment Framework are Associated Impaired Performance on the Stroop Task
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Late-life onset psychosis and milder delusion-like ideation are known risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia. The Mild Behavioural Impairment (MBI) framework was developed to capture specific psychotic-like symptoms relevant to dementia prognosis in older adults. This study aims to investigate the cognitive deficits associated with MBI-psychosis and their implications for understanding the underlying mechanisms and potential treatment targets. The study recruited participants between November 2021 and July 2022 from the PROTECT study registry. Participants completed the Cambridge Gambling Task, Stroop, Trail Making, Paired Associates Learning, Verbal Reasoning, Digit Span and Self-Ordered Search. Psychotic symptom status was assessed using the Mild Behavioural Impairment Checklist (MBI-C), with participants categorized as MBI-psychosis if they or their study partner reported any psychotic symptoms. Out of 2,111 eligible participants invited, 417 consented to participate. There were no significant differences in age, sex, education level, or mental health history between the MBI-psychosis and No Psychosis groups. Participants with MBI-psychosis exhibited significantly worse performance on the Stroop task (p=0.0002, Cohen’s d=0.37) compared to those without psychosis. There was also some evidence of impairment in verbal reasoning, though it did not reach significance after Bonferroni correction. No significant differences were found on other cognitive measures. This cross-sectional study provides insight into the cognitive deficits associated with MBI-psychosis. The finding of impaired Stroop task performance in individuals with MBI-psychosis is noteworthy, as this deficit is commonly observed in earlier-life major psychotic disorders. Further research is needed to explore the neural underpinnings of these deficits and to determine whether they represent early markers of neurodegenerative disease or other factors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".