Neural Packing: from Visual Sensing to Reinforcement Learning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a novel learning framework to solve the transport-and-packing (TAP) problem in 3D. It constitutes a full solution pipeline from partial observations of input objects via RGBD sensing and recognition to final box placement, via robotic motion planning, to arrive at a compact packing in a target container. The technical core of our method is a neural network for TAP, trained via reinforcement learning (RL), to solve the NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem. Our network simultaneously selects an object to pack and determines the final packing location, based on a judicious encoding of the continuously evolving states of partially observed source objects and available spaces in the target container, using separate encoders both enabled with attention mechanisms. The encoded feature vectors are employed to compute the matching scores and feasibility masks of different pairings of box selection and available space configuration for packing strategy optimization. Extensive experiments, including ablation studies and physical packing execution by a real robot (Universal Robot UR5e), are conducted to evaluate our method in terms of its design choices, scalability, generalizability, and comparisons to baselines, including the most recent RL-based TAP solution. We also contribute the first benchmark for TAP which covers a variety of input settings and difficulty levels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".