Urolithiasis: from past to present
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urolithiasis is a polyetiological disease associated with metabolic disorders and charac-terized by the formation of stones in the urinary tract. Today, it has become a global problem. The inci-dence and prevalence of urolithiasis have been on the rise, it depends on geographical, climatic, ethnic, dietary and genetic factors. Upper urinary tract stones affect mainly men (approximately 3 times more often than women). The lifetime risk of stone formation is on average 5 to 10%. The prevalence of uri-nary stones in different regions ranges from 1% to 20%. In countries with a high standard of living, such as Sweden, Canada, or the United States, the prevalence is more than 10%. In some regions, there hasbeen an increase in rates of more than 37% over the past 20 years. In Ukraine, urolithiasis ranks secondamong all urological diseases, with more than 52 thousand patients registered annually for the first time,and the incidence ranges from 30 to 45% among all urological pathologies. Mostly young people areaffected, and the disease is associated with acute and chronic pyelonephritis and frequent recurrenceof urinary stones (30-80%). This course of urolithiasis leads to renal failure, disability, and mortality.The stone formation is a complex and polyetiological process that includes endogenous (age, gender,and heredity) and exogenous factors (geographical conditions, climate, and nutrition). It is known thathumanity has been suffering from this disease for over 7000 years. Urolithiasis has been well known for centuries. It is clearly confirmed by various archaeological findings, as well as scriptures about pain-ful calculi and therapeutic procedures that were performed to remove them. Given the importance and prevalence of urolithiasis, this article reviews the historical development of the diagnosis and treatmentof this disease in different regions of the world. A review of the methods of diagnosis and treatment fromearly antiquity to the most modern ones that are in use today.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".