ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC DIRECTIONS OF EFFICIENT PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF RAPESEED FOR BIODIESEL IN UKRAINE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose. The purpose of the article is to develop of organizational and economic principles of effective production and processing of rapeseed for biodiesel in enterprises of Ukraine. Methodology of research. The following scientific methods were used in the research process: historical and logical – to analyse the dynamics of rape seed production in Ukraine and its regions; monographic – for summarizing advanced foreign and domestic experience of the investigated problem; systemic approach – for studying the connections between the phenomena and processes of the economic activity of enterprises; grouping of enterprises by productivity and harvested area of rapeseed – to analyse their impact on the economic efficiency of rapeseed production; economic and mathematical – to optimize the parameters of the economic efficiency of biodiesel production at plants of various capacities; abstract and logical – for forecasting indicators of production and sale of rapeseed in Ukraine, forming conclusions and proposals regarding the further effective development of rapeseed cultivation and biodiesel production. Findings. It was established that during 1990‒2021 in Ukraine, the harvested area of rapeseed increased from 89.6 thousand ha to 1004.5 thousand ha, the yield, respectively, from 1.45 to 2.93 t/ha. In 2016‒2020, rapeseed yield in Ukraine was: low (1.61 t/ha) – 17.5% of regions; average (2.36 t/ha) – 61.7% of regions; high (3.18 t/ha) – 20.8% of regions. It is possible to increase the economic efficiency of rapeseed production and processing in the following directions: increase yield and fat content in seeds; to activate the use of innovative technologies for growing and harvesting rapeseed; strict adherence to recommended requirements for disease, pest and weed control. In 2030‒2035, according to the scenarios (pessimistic ‒ optimistic), Ukraine can provide, respectively: harvested rapeseed area of 2,250–2,810 thousand hectares; rapeseed yield – 3.2-4.0 t/ha; seed sales – 5,100‒9,140 thousand tons. In order to fulfil the projected task, it is necessary to establish a clear organization of rapeseed production and harvesting in Ukrainian enterprises, to expand sales markets not only in Europe, but also in Asia, Africa and other countries. It has been established that rapeseed is grown in 65 countries of the world on a total area of 42 million hectares. It is mostly sown in Canada, India, and China (8.3‒6.8 million hectares). Ireland, Chile, Denmark, Belgium, and Germany have the maximum average yield in the range of 4.3‒3.7 t/ha. In EU countries, HVO biodiesel with the abbreviation HDRD and HEFA (Hungary, Finland at plants with a capacity of 800,000 tons per year) began to be produced – this is a green diesel fuel of the second generation. It was found that plants with a capacity of 20‒100 thousand tons of fuel per year provide the highest efficiency in the production of biodiesel from rapeseed in Ukraine. Such plants achieve the lowest cost of 1 ton of biodiesel, the highest profitability and the shortest payback period. Originality. The organizational and economic principles of effective production and processing of rapeseed for biodiesel in Ukrainian enterprises are substantiated. Practical value. The substantiated results of the research can be used in practical activities by agricultural enterprises, biodiesel production plants, and government structures of Ukraine to increase the economic efficiency of the development of rapeseed cultivation and provide the country's needs with biodiesel. Key words: rapeseed, yield, harvested area, organizational and economic directions of effective rapeseed production and processing, capacity of rapeseed processing plants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".