Head Injury at Early Ages is Associated with Risk of Parkinson’s Disease (P6.051)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective- To test the hypothesis that the age at which a head injury occurs is associated with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) risk. Background- Head injury has been suggested to be related to risk of PD, but the literature is somewhat inconsistent. Close attention to injury timing relative to PD onset is needed to rule out the possibility that associations are related to pre-clinical PD. However, no studies have considered the timing relative to age at injury. Several animal models suggest that early life may be a critical period_relative to PD risk for the type of effects head trauma can cause. Methods- We conducted a case-control study among 385 neurologist-diagnosed PD patients and 230 controls from the greater Boston, Massachusetts area. Participants were given questionnaires to obtain information on head injury history and other covariates. We used multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for age, sex, smoking, education, race and gender to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and their corresponding 95[percnt] confidence intervals (CI) for PD. Results- Overall we found an increased risk of PD associated with ever having a head injury that resulted in a loss of consciousness which did not reach statistical significance (OR= 1.39; 95[percnt] CI= 0.80-2.43), but also increased slightly after excluding head injuries that occurred in the 25 years before the questionnaire (OR = 1.71; 95[percnt] CI= 0.91-3.19). We found a significant trend of increasing odds of PD with earlier age at first head injury with loss of consciousness (p-trend= 0.038). Conclusions- Our findings suggest that the earlier the age at which head injury occurs, the greater the risk of PD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".