Magma-carbonate interactions drive CO2 production and metal enrichment in shallow dikes and sills at volcanic arcs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The contribution of CO2 from crustal carbonates into arc magmas is debated, as is its role in the long-term C cycle. To better understand the contributions and mechanisms that drive CO2 production in arc magmas, we examined in detail basaltic dike and sill contacts with carbonate in the Jurassic Bonanza arc on Vancouver Island, Canada. We discovered discrete boundary melts that formed along dike and sill margins in contact with limestone, which display unique Ca, U, and Sr enrichments, Si depletion, and 87Sr/86Sr that approaches host limestone values (~0.708). Binary mixing modeling indicates ~20%–25% limestone assimilation into basalt formed the boundary melts. Contrasting viscosities between boundary and interior melts hinder mixing and chemical homogenization but appear to promote uphill diffusion and metal enrichment within systems that cool in minutes to days. While shallow dikes and sills may be volumetrically minor in an arc magma system, the open flow of magma and large surface area in channels greatly enhances magma-carbonate interactions, and ultimately CO2 production, likely over that of more common and voluminous plutons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".