The variation of surface propensity of halides with droplet size and temperature; The planar interface limit
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The radial number density profiles of halide and alkali ions in aqueous clusters with equimolar radius $\lessapprox 1.4$~nm, that correspond to $\lessapprox$255~\ce{H2O} molecules, have been extensively studied by computations. However, the surface abundance of \ce{Cl-}, \ce{Br-} and \ce{I-} relative to the bulk interior in these smaller clusters may not be representative of the larger systems. Indeed, here we show that the larger the cluster is, the lower the relative surface abundance of chaotropic halides is. In droplets with equimolar radius of $\approx 2.45$~nm that corresponds to $\approx 2000$~H2O molecules, the polarizable halides show a number density maximum in the droplet's bulk-like interior. A similar pattern is observed in simulations of the aqueous planar interface with halide salts at room temperature. At elevated temperature the surface propensity of \ce{Cl-} decreases gradually, while that of \ce{I-} is partially preserved. The change of the chaotropic halide location at higher temperatures relative to room temperature may considerably affect photochemical reactivity in atmospheric aerosols, vapor-liquid nucleation and growth mechanisms, and salt crystallization via solvent evaporation. We argue that the commonly used approach of nullifying parameters in a force field in order to find the factors that determine the ion location does not provide transferable insight to other force fields.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".