Imitative learning control of a LSTM-NMPC controller on PEM fuel cell forcomputational cost reduction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, the imitative learning control is studied to address the problem of high computational cost of a Nonlinear Model Predictive Controller (NMPC) designed for controlling the output voltage of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) stack. The NMPC is already designed with an embedded Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network that provides the required predictions for solving the optimization problem. The LSTM-NMPC controller offers the desired performance in voltage tracking and minimizing fuel consumption, however, its long run-time makes it impractical for real-time implementation. Therefore, an imitative-based controller is designed to learn the behavior of the LSTM-NMPC and replace it, resulting in a noticeably lower computational cost while the desired performance is maintained. The generalization and adaptability of the imitative-based controller are also studied in this work. Finally, different simulations are reported for elaborating the process of designing imitative-based controller and the associated considerations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".