Spatial large eddy simulation of contrail formation in a near field of anaircraft engine : comparative study of different ambient humidity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study of aircraft contrails involves several physical and chemical processes at various spatial and temporal scales, from contrail formation near the engine exhaust up to contrail cirrus at a large scale depending on the atmospheric conditions. Given the impact of near field jet characteristics on the contrail life cycle, characterizing the dynamic and microphysical properties of jet contrails has been emphasized. Within the large eddy simulation (LES) framework, the modeling of contrail formation in literature is mostly performed using a temporal approach by assuming axial gradients negligible as compared to radial ones, which is only valid far from the engine nozzle. In contrast, the spatial LES approach is more rigorous and allows for modeling the entire jet development with no assumptions. Moreover, based on the changing concentrations of water vapor in the upper troposphere, and the difficulties in measuring that, modeling the aircraft engine in different levels of relative humidity in the atmosphere is crucial.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".