An experimental study of buoyant jets : effects ofviscoplasticity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we experimentally investigated the injection of a Newtonian jet into Newtonian/viscoplastic ambient fluids.Although this study has applications in environmental flows, mixing processes, and so on, the main application of our interest is the plug and abandonment of oil and gas wells.Hence, we analyzed the impingement time of the jet in addition to other jet characteristics, namely, the laminar length and the deviation length.Furthermore, we observed two regimes for different ambient fluids, i.e. the mixing regime for a Newtonian ambient fluid and the trapped regime for a viscoplastic ambient fluid.Moreover, we examined the impact of the Reynolds number (Re) and the Bingham number (BN), on the jet characteristics.Re and BN have opposite effects on the impingement time, causing a decrease and growth, respectively.We also observed the existence of a laminar length at higher Re in the trapped regime, compared to the mixing regime.An increase in Re results in a growth in the deviation length for both regimes, and this growing trend is more drastic for the mixing regime.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".