Modeling Mushrooms’ Carbon Dioxide Emission and Heat Exchange Rates for Synergistic Cultivation with Leafy Greens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The cultivation of mushrooms in controlled environments generates a significant amount of CO2 as a by-product. This presents opportunities for carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment in leafy green production. This study aimed to develop a model for CO2 emission and heat exchange rates that can be used to support the synergistic cultivation of mushrooms and leafy greens. This was achieved by aggregating data from literature with experimental data gathered in two different testing spaces. The average CO2 emission and heat exchange rates for shiitake incubated at 21 °C were determined and a CO2 emission rate model for mixed substrate in incubation was developed based on indoor temperature variations. The results indicated that oyster mushrooms have a notable CO2 enrichment potential, twice that of shiitake in the incubation stage and five times more in fructification. Additionally, oyster mushrooms released a significant amount of heat during incubation. In contrast, shiitake mushrooms with their minimal heat exchange rate during incubation could offer an energy-efficient option for synergistic cultivation with leafy greens in environments where cooling is required year-round. Moreover, it was observed that the CO2 emission rate of a full-scale incubation chamber is strongly correlated with indoor temperature. These findings offer valuable information for modeling the CO2 emission and heat exchange rates of mushroom and leafy green farms.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".