At-rest lateral earth pressure in compacted silica sand
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
At-rest lateral earth pressure is one of the major sources of disturbing force on retaining structures and provides resisting force for anchors and piles. A theoretical model is proposed, and experimentally validated, for the normally and overconsolidated at-rest lateral earth pressure coefficients in silica sand. In addition, the experiment illustrates a procedure to determine the maximum historic vertical stress equivalent to the standard and modified Proctor energies of compaction. The previous equivalent maximum historic vertical stress, which is found to be constant for the relative density reached by each energy of compaction, is then proposed as a parameter to determine the overconsolidation ratio within the backfill and its resultant at-rest lateral earth pressure distribution behind a vertical wall. The at-rest lateral earth pressure distribution incorporated with the overconsolidation ratio naturally results in a greater magnitude and is curved in contrast to the linear distribution characteristic of a normally consolidated state. A limit equilibrium analysis and a plane-strain particle-scale model of a granular media under critical state were used to derive the equations herein.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it