Recent advancements in understanding mercury emissions from global volcanic degassing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Volcanic degassing is an important pathway in the geochemical cycling of many elements on Earth.The trace metal mercury (Hg) is emitted from volcanoes and geothermal systems in both gaseous and particulate-bound forms.While other major Hg sources such as anthropogenic emissions have been relatively well characterized, the total flux from volcanic degassing -and its role in the global Hg budget relative to other sourcesremains the subject of debate.More recent estimates suggest the volcanic Hg flux is on the order of ~100 tonnes per year (or <5% of total natural emissions to the atmosphere) [1,2], with the caveat that short-term emissions from explosive eruptions remain unquantified due to the infrequency of these events and challenges for sampling [3].Here we review recent advances in volcanic Hg research, including the results of our extensive multi-year fieldwork in Iceland measuring Hg emissions from two eruptions and several high-temperature geothermal fields across the region.We provide an updated estimate of the global volcanic Hg flux from subaerial volcanic degassing using a recently published 2023 compilation of high-resolution, satellitebased SO 2 fluxes from ~100 persistently degassing volcanoes [4], and a range of Hg/SO 2 mass ratios obtained from recent field measurements.We discuss the likely effects of explosive eruptions on the global atmospheric Hg pool and formulate a time-averaged annual Hg flux from these sources.The poorly understood but potentially important contributions from submarine sources (i.e., mid-ocean spreading ridges, hydrothermal vents) are also discussed in terms of both ocean and atmospheric Hg inputs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".