Experimental Study of an Air-Conditioning System in an Electric Vehicle with R1234yf
Bibliographic record
Abstract
R134a, a vehicle refrigerant used in the vehicle heat pump system, is regulated according to the Montreal Protocol. Refrigerants such as R1234yf, R744, and R290 in vehicle heat pump systems are being investigated to identify their alternatives. Because developing a new system exclusively for new refrigerants is costly, an empirical test was conducted on the R1234yf refrigerant in a heat pump system designed for the R134a refrigerant in an actual vehicle system. The heating, cooling, and battery-cooling modes were tested for the amount of refrigerant charge, and operability tests were conducted for the compressor load; heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) air flow rate; coolant temperature; and flow rate of each mode. The optimal refrigerant charge in heating mode was 0.7 kg, and the optimal refrigerant charge in the cooling and battery-cooling modes was 0.9 kg. To yield the highest coefficient of performance of the system, the compressor load was 50%, the HVAC fan was 12 V, and the coolant flow rate was 10 LPM. The most efficient system operation was possible at a coolant temperature of 30 °C in the cooling and heating modes and at 20 °C in battery-cooling mode.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".