Steel furnace slag aggregate for railway ballast: assessment of abrasion evolution by close-range photogrammetry
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electric Arc Furnace steel slag aggregate has potential for wider application in transport infrastructures. However, the use of steel slag aggregate in the railway ballast layer, as an alternative to natural high quality crushed rock, is still restricted in some countries. This is not consistent with the current sustainable construction paradigm. To demonstrate the potential of this material, in this study the authors characterized its morphology and performance, carrying out quantitative analyses on the abrasion and 3D morphology evolution of particles submitted to micro-Deval testing. The slag particles showed higher angularity and surface texture indices than a natural granite used as reference; retained these characteristics longer; and yielded comparable or lower surface wear. These findings support the potential use of slag aggregate as an alternative to railway ballast material.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it