Wax appearance temperature in crude oils measured by surface plasmon resonance
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
To predict and quantify the wax appearance temperature in crude oils, we proposed and implemented a well-explored sensing method known as surface plasmon resonance. This phenomenon occurs when an incident light beam couples into a metallic surface. As sensing method, this phenomenon has been widely used in biosensing applications. In this research, we showed the effectiveness of the surface plasmon resonance sensing technique in hydrocarbon sensing in general and in crude oil wax appearance prediction in particular. To the authors knowledge, this is the first exploration of monitoring wax deposition events from crude oil using surface plasmon resonance measurements. A compact optical sensor was developed from an ultra-thin layer of gold deposited on a sapphire prism and supported by a new data analyzing metric to analyze the acquired reflected beam intensity profile and detect the precipitation of crude oil wax or other hydrocarbon particles under varying-temperature and low-pressure conditions. The obtained wax appearance temperatures using the introduced on-site method were found to be comparable with the literature measurements using the common in-lab Cross-Polarization Microscopy method.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it