Development of a single-vertebra image-based technique to quantify shoulder kinematics using four-dimensional computed tomography
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper introduces and validates a new technique for analysing six degrees-of-freedom shoulder kinematics using four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT), which uses a single vertebra to reference thoracic motion.Differences between the vertebra and International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) torso coordinate systems had an average RMSE of 11.6 and no statistical differences were found regarding range of motion.The errors associated with repeated analysis ranged from 0.2 mm to 3.4 mm, and 0.9 to 1.1.Overall, the technique has been shown to be repeatable, and using a single vertebra is comparable to using the ISB torso coordinate system.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it