Accessing the semantic and lexical information of constituents while typing compounds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A key question in research concerning the typing production of morphologically complex words is whether the whole multimorphemic word is output ballistically or whether individual constituents are accessed during typing. To address this question, we examined keystroke latencies during the production of English compounds (e.g., snowball ) to test whether the initiation and continued typing of each constituent (e.g., snow and ball ) are influenced by its linguistic properties (length, frequency, and semantic transparency). Participants identified and then typed a compound word. We found that the initiation and continued typing of each constituent was influenced by the linguistic properties of that constituent. However, the linguistic properties of the second constituent also influenced the typing latency of the final letter of the first constituent, suggesting that production of the first constituent overlapped with accessing and planning the keystrokes of the second constituent. The influence of the linguistic properties of the first constituent on its own initiation and continued typing suggests that accessing and planning the keystrokes of the first constituent occurred as the compound word was being identified. Our findings indicate that individual constituents are accessed during production and influence the typing of compound words.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".