Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter studies Britain's new trade protection war against the United States, after the United States declared war on Britain on June 18, 1812. British North Atlantic convoys had to keep trade flowing, build up naval stores in Halifax to maintain warships, while troops had to be transported to defend British North America, and later take part in raids on United States soil. The conflict in the North Atlantic went through several phases during this short, 2.5-year war, in which 78 convoys escorted 2,661 transports and merchantmen from Britain to and from Halifax, St John's, Newfoundland, and Quebec. In the initial six months of the American war, British convoys to the West Indies and North America were very vulnerable to American warships and privateers because the number of available naval escorts were thin, as they were still engaged in the European war. Ultimately, the end of the American war was a stalemate. In the western Atlantic, the Americans had plenty of seamen, but few warships and no merchant ships which could get to sea because of the British blockade. In the northern and eastern Atlantic, the British had plenty of warships available, but were very short of seamen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".