Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Dene language family includes some 40 distinct languages, and varieties of these languages. The family is large both in the number of languages and in the broadly distributed geographical areas of western North America which sustain Dene peoples. The Dene world takes in Dine and Apache language-speaking communities extending across a wide area including the American Southwest; communities of the Pacific Coast area stretching from present-day NW California to southern Washington state; and communities both west and east of the Rocky Mountains north of the present-day Canada-US border and extending from Cook Inlet at the west as far as Hudson Bay at the east. Because of their size, the Dene territories cover many types of terrain and take in many river systems, and the people have many linguistic and cultural neighbours. This chapter sketches phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic properties of Dene languages, chosen with reference to what is happening in Dene language communities driving forward language maintenance, revitalization, and reclamation. The syntactic descriptions are more in depth than other areas of grammar. The goals of this chapter are (1) to provide discussions of linguistic topics potentially useful in revitalization work, (2) to share descriptions and terminology with language learners, instructors, and scholars to support their work, (3) to support access to the range of linguistic resources developed over the past 150-200 years, and (4) to provide some current references.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.229 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".