Bibliographic record
Abstract
A set of maps from the middle of the sixteenth century featuring the New World, such as those by Jean Rotz (1542), Giacomo Gastaldi (1546), and Jean Bellère (1554), presented a peculiarity regarding the delineation of the Amazon River. Instead of having a latitudinal direction, as dictated by modern cartographic conventions, the Amazon had a longitudinal orientation. This is often assumed to be an inaccurate cartographic representation of the river. However, these maps were rather precise insofar as, according to contemporaneous accounts of South America provided by scholars such as Peter Martyr, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, and Francisco López de Gómara, the Amazon had a potential longitudinal course. In this sense, the author aims to explain the accuracy of some of the early modern cartographies of Amazonia by placing these maps in dialogue with geographic and hydrographic descriptions of the river that circulated at that time. Consequently, this work re-evaluates the notion of precision when applied to the study of the early European mapping of the Amazon River.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".