Neonatal cholestasis in Jordanian children: a single-center experience
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Neonatal cholestasis refers to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia that either presents at birth or develops within the first three months of life. The causes of neonatal cholestasis are extensive and can be classified based on the anatomical location of the pathology into extrahepatic and intrahepatic causes This study aimed to assess the frequency and underlying etiologies of neonatal cholestasis in a tertiary care center in Jordan. Material and methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of infants diagnosed with neonatal cholestasis during the study period. Demographic data, clinical presentations, laboratory results, imaging studies, and liver biopsies were collected and analyzed. Data were presented as percentages and averages. Results Of the 47 patients diagnosed with neonatal cholestasis, 55.3% were male, and the average age at presentation was 16.7 days. Jaundice was the most common clinical feature (100%), followed by clay-colored stools and dark urine (29.7%). Notably, 12.8% of patients had skeletal abnormalities. At presentation, the average total and direct bilirubin levels were 14.3 mg/dl (± SD 7.3 mg/dl) and 10.1 mg/dl (± SD 6.5 mg/dl), respectively. Abnormal liver ultrasound findings were observed in 8 patients (17%). In our cohort, metabolic and genetic disorders were the most common underlying causes of neonatal cholestasis, followed by extrahepatic anatomical biliary disorders. Conclusions Causes of neonatal cholestasis vary depending on the population. Metabolic and genetic disorders were the leading causes of death in our cohort. Hence, genetic testing may help reduce costs and fruitless investigations in affected infants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".