Spatial and temporal patterns of scyphozoan jellyfish abundance and growth in Icelandic coastal waters – a climate change perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Scyphozoan jellyfish in Icelandic waters have received limited attention, despite apparent recent increases in blooms and changes in the regional oceanographic setting. The objectives of this study were to describe the species composition, abundance, phenology, and growth of scyphomedusae around Iceland and explore changes by comparing our findings with reports from the 1930s. Specimens were collected with a Bongo net in five regions around Iceland in the spring, summer, and autumn of 2008. Three jellyfish species were collected in the study, Aurelia aurita, followed by Cyanea capillata, and C. lamarckii. In the western and northwestern parts of Iceland, A. aurita abundance was highest in spring and summer, whereas in the North and East, abundances were highest in autumn. Cyanea capillata was not encountered in the Southwest, but in the west, Northwest, and North. There, numbers were highest in spring, whereas in the East, abundance was highest in autumn. Clockwise coastal current dispersal and regional interconnectivity are indicated. Weight-specific growth rates varied between 7.0 and 8.5% d−1 for A. aurita and 11.1 and 15.7% d−1 for C. capillata and are comparable to rates from often food-limited ecosystems at temperate latitudes. Presented evidence suggests that ephyrae and small medusae appear earlier in the season and in previously (in the 1930s) not occupied regions, while some regions (Southwest for C. capillata) were not populated anymore.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".