Monitoring of the Sound Velocity Variation In Rat Muscle and a Novel Approach to Quantify Muscle Injury
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Detection of the degree of skeletal muscle injury is of utmost importance in medical treatment and rehabilitation. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are now been using to assess muscle injuries. Presented is the custom-built ultrasonic detection scheme that has been implemented to detect the degrees of muscle injuries. The changes in the velocity of ultrasound in muscle due to artificially administered injuries have been detected and compared. The purpose of this study is to present a novel high-resolution ultrasonic detection scheme in the field of skeletal muscle injury detection and research. To detect variations of the velocity of sound, the expansion of the muscle is suppressed by mechanical clamping. Under this condition, any variation in the time-of-flight of the ultrasonic signals can only be introduced by a variation of the velocity of sound along the path of the ultrasound transit signal. Opposite to the general behavior of healthy muscle, the injured muscle shows comparatively an increase in the time-of-flight, relating to a decrease in the sound velocity, with the levels of injuries. Since injured muscle increases the travel time of ultrasonic signal, the influence of artificial injury on the monitored muscle can be detected and quantified with the comparison measurements between healthy and injured muscle. The diminishing velocity value with the level of injuries is detected and quantified in this study. The observed rate of change in sound velocity and force for contraction and relaxation phases, for different activation frequencies, are found to be deteriorated with the degrees of injuries. The achieved resolution of the velocity of (longitudinally polarized) ultrasound in rat muscle is about 0.01% relating to the measurement on relaxed muscle by comparison to the well-known velocity of water. A resolution in time resolved measurements of about 0.01% is reached for each individual measurement, performed at a repetition rate of 50 M measurements per second, during monitoring of dynamic processes for the actual velocity of ultrasound traveling in the observed rat’s GM muscle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".