Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This chapter reviews the one‐carbon compounds with chlorinated, brominated, or iodinated substituted side groups. At ambient temperatures, methyl chloride and methyl bromide are gases; iodoform and methylene chlorobromide are solids; and the remaining seven chemicals in this chapter are volatile, nonflammable liquids. The nonflammability has been an important property for the uses of these chemicals as solvents. Most, if not all, of the chemicals in this chapter are produced in closed‐system facilities. Three of the chemicals (methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride, and methylene chlorobromide) are ozone‐depleting substances and are tightly regulated under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Thus, these chemicals are restricted to feedstock or intermediate uses where, by definition, it is used and entirely consumed, except for trace quantities, and certain exempt applications. For the other chemicals in this chapter, the primary, if not exclusive, uses are as feedstocks or intermediates in the production of other chemicals, the exception being methyl iodide.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.049 | 0.018 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".