Advancing circular economy principles through wild black soldier flies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biowaste management poses a significant and widespread challenge. However, its consideration as a resource has led to the emergence of innovative and sustainable biowaste management techniques. One such promising solution is the use of black soldier flies (BSF) in biowaste treatment. This technique offers various advantages, such as the transformation of biowaste into versatile products that can be used in agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, animal husbandry, pharmaceuticals and energy production. Despite significant research on different aspects of the BSF biowaste treatment system, none have explored the application of circular economy principles in low-income settings using naturally occurring BSF, i.e., free-range BSF. This article addresses the gap utilizing a mixed-method approach through a case study to achieve two objectives: the localization of the circular economy through co-production with a community group and the viable production of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and compost to meet the community's needs. Through collaboration, a successful circular economy was established as biowaste was transformed into products and safely reintroduced into the local biosphere. Performance indices used included BSFL nutritional composition, harvest rates and heavy metal absence. Through community involvement, circular economy principles were effectively implemented to redirect a retail market's fruit and vegetable waste from the landfill. The free-range open system produced 19.15 kg of BSFL, with 44.34% protein content, 20.6% crude fat and zero heavy metals. These outcomes align with existing research, indicating that a community-led open BSFL system can generate valuable products while fostering circular economy principles with minimal financial, technological, energy and water resources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".