Estimation of confidence in the calculated resistance factor for simple limit states with limited data for load and resistance model bias
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The estimation of the resistance factor in load and resistance factor design (LRFD) calibration for simple soil–structure limit states is most often based on model bias data of limited size. Frequently, the bias data are only available or required for the resistance term. In this study, the confidence in the estimate of the mean of the resistance factor is computed for the case of one resistance factor and one load factor where limited model bias data are available for both load and resistance terms. The bootstrap method is used to compute synthetic load and resistance bias data sets from which confidence intervals on the point (mean) estimate of the resistance factor and load factor are computed. A closed-form solution is used to calculate the resistance factor for a single prescribed load factor and target reliability index, bias data, and nominal load and resistance variables that are lognormally distributed. However, the approach is general using Monte Carlo simulation. The method is demonstrated using the case of the internal stability pullout limit state for steel strip mechanically stabilized earth walls. The example demonstrates the quantitative influence on pullout design using upper and lower 95% confidence interval limits for load and resistance factors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.033 | 0.168 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".