Monitoring Changes in Groundwater Resources Due to Increased Surface Water Delivery Efficiencies in the Lower Republican River Basin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Groundwater and surface water, including such engineered surface water bodies as irrigation canals and drainage ditches, are connected. As such, changes to the management of these surface water bodies will affect interconnected groundwater systems as well. In the Lower Republican River Basin in Kansas, United States, a regional irrigation district has converted several irrigation canals to buried pipe to reduce water lost to evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge, increasing the delivery efficiency of its system. The objective of this work was to investigate the change in local groundwater levels due to this conversion. Seven existing wells in the vicinity of converted or soon-to-be converted irrigation canals were equipped with pressure transducers, and hourly water-level measurements were collected over several years. Average water levels decreased in all wells post-conversion compared to measurements taken between 1970 and 2001. The water levels did not decrease equally, and in several wells, the water-level variance also changed from pre- to post-conversion. It is hypothesized that the observed changes are controlled by many factors, including those related to canal conversion (proximity to the converted canal and time since canal conversion), proximity to other surface water features such as the main stem of the canal and reservoir, and subsurface characteristics that influence the rate of infiltration from precipitation events. This research highlights the interconnectedness of surface and subsurface water resources and how water management decisions need to consider how these interactions may change to support sustainable water use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".