An Aircraft Identification System Using Convolution Neural Networks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The task of aircraft identification using their registration number is important as visual identification remains the only method of their identification in case of air traffic control systems or radar failure. In this paper, an analysis of known solutions was carried out and an aircraft identification system was developed using a pre-trained YOLO (You Only Look Once) deep convolutional neural network and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology. The system consists of three modules: the M1 module is designed for the detection of region of interest-tail, the M2 module is designed for the detection of region of interest-registration number, the M3 module is designed for the classification of the registration number. 2309 aircraft images were used for training, 426 for validation and 408 for testing from the Fine-Grained Visual Classification of Aircraft (FGVC-Aircraft) dataset. Our results show that the mean average precision for the M1 and M2 YOLOv7 models on the test set were 0.92 and 0.85 respectively, and for the module M3 OCR technology the classification error was 0.2.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".