Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper discusses the morpheme -ik in the Bantu language Kirundi (JD62). Dom et al. (2018) put forth a Proto-Bantu 'neuter middle marker' following Kemmer's (1993) 'middle domain', from which a Kirundi -ik can clearly be derived. They find that derivations of this marker occur in anticausative, agentless passive, and passive constructions in various Bantu languages. This paper demonstrates that Kirundi -ik is an anticausative marker, distinct in use and meaning from the true passive (marked with -u). This follows from tests in Alexiadou et al. (2006) and Gluckman and Bowler (2016). After determining its anticausative nature, I will discuss -ik's syntactic properties. Using the layering approach of change-of-state verbs as posited by Alexiadou et al. (2006) and Kratzer (2005), I will argue that -ik is an overt realization of Voice, providing evidence for a null semantic Voice in the crosslinguistic account of anticausatives theorized in Alexiadou et al. (2015).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".