Getting the -ik: An anticausative structure in Kirundi
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper discusses the morpheme -ik in the Bantu language Kirundi (JD62). Dom et al. (2018) put forth a Proto-Bantu 'neuter middle marker' following Kemmer's (1993) 'middle domain', from which a Kirundi -ik can clearly be derived. They find that derivations of this marker occur in anticausative, agentless passive, and passive constructions in various Bantu languages. This paper demonstrates that Kirundi -ik is an anticausative marker, distinct in use and meaning from the true passive (marked with -u). This follows from tests in Alexiadou et al. (2006) and Gluckman and Bowler (2016). After determining its anticausative nature, I will discuss -ik's syntactic properties. Using the layering approach of change-of-state verbs as posited by Alexiadou et al. (2006) and Kratzer (2005), I will argue that -ik is an overt realization of Voice, providing evidence for a null semantic Voice in the crosslinguistic account of anticausatives theorized in Alexiadou et al. (2015).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it