83 Efficacy of a Tablet-Based Cognitive Flexibility Intervention in Youth with Executive Function Deficits
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: Executive functions (EFs) are considered to be both unitary and diverse functions with common conceptualizations consisting of inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Current research indicates that these abilities develop along different timelines and that working memory and inhibitory control may be foundational for cognitive flexibility, or the ability to shift attention between tasks or operations. Very few interventions target cognitive flexibility despite its importance for academic or occupational tasks, social skills, problem-solving, and goal-directed behavior in general, and the ability is commonly impaired in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and learning disorders. The current study investigated a tablet-based cognitive flexibility intervention, Dino Island (DI), that combines a game-based, process-specific intervention with compensatory metacognitive strategies as delivered by classroom aides within a school setting. Participants and Methods: 20 children between ages 6-12 years (x̄ = 10.83 years) with NDDs and identified executive function deficits and their assigned classroom aides (i.e., “interventionists”) were randomly assigned to either DI or an educational game control condition. Interventionists completed a 2-4 hour online training course and a brief, remote Q&A session with the research team, which provided key information for delivering the intervention such as game-play and metacognitive/behavioral strategy instruction. Fidelity checks were conducted weekly. Interventionists were instructed to deliver 14-16 hours of intervention during the school day over 6-8 weeks, divided into 3-4 weekly sessions of 30-60 minutes each. Baseline and post-intervention assessments consisted of cognitive measures of cognitive flexibility (Minnesota Executive Function Scale), working memory (Weschler Intelligence Scales for Children, 4th Edn. Integrated Spatial Span) and parent-completed EF rating scales (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function). Results: Samples sizes were smaller than expected due to COVID-19 related disruptions within schools, so nonparametric analyses were conducted to explore trends in the data. Results of the Mann-Whitney U test indicated that participants within the DI condition made greater gains in cognitive flexibility with a trend towards significance (p = 0.115. After dummy coding for positive change, results also indicated that gains in spatial working memory differed by condition (p = 0.127). Similarly, gains in task monitoring trended towards significant difference by condition. Conclusions: DI, a novel EF intervention, may be beneficial to cognitive flexibility, working memory, and monitoring skills within youth with EF deficits. Though there were many absences and upheavals within the participating schools related to COVID-19, it is promising to see differences in outcomes with such a small sample. This poster will expand upon the current results as well as future directions for the DI intervention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".