47 Evolution of Brain Morphology and Cognitive Performance in Parkinson’s Disease with Impulse Control Disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects the person’s quality of life, but the comorbidity of PD and impulsive control disorder (ICD), which has an average prevalence of 23%, can enhance the disruption of quality of life for the patients and their caregivers. The effects of ICD in PD on brain morphology and cognition have been little studied. Thus, this study proposes to investigate the differences in the evolution of cognitive performance and brain structures between PD patients with ICD (PD-ICD) vs. without ICD (PD-no-ICD). Participants and Methods: Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) data of 58 patients with idiopathic PD, including their MRI data at baseline and three years later, were analyzed. The MRIs were processed with FreeSurfer (7.1.1) to extract cortical volumes, areas, thicknesses, curvatures and folding index as well as volumes of subcortical segmentations. All participants underwent cognitive evaluations. The Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease was used to differentiate those with at least one ICD from those without any ICD. 12 of the 58 patients had an ICD at their first visit and 19 had an ICD at their visit three years later. There was no significant difference between PD-ICD and PD-no-ICD with respect to sex, use of overall medication, age, age of onset, age at diagnosis, years of education and the Montreal cognitive assessment score. Two-way mixed ANOVAs were performed for each neuropsychological test and brain structure extracted from MRIs with the time of the visit as the repeated independent variable (within participants) and the presence or absence of an ICD as the other independent variable (between participants). Results: The mixed ANOVA revealed that PD-ICD had their performance decline after three years, for the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test delayed recall and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test while PD-no-ICD saw their performance increase. A whole brain analysis showed that PD-ICD had a significant decrease after three years of the right cortex area total brain volume in comparison to PD-no-ICD. Specific brain structures also underwent significant changes over three years. Cortical changes in PD-ICD were: (1) increased surface area in the left temporal parahippocampus and (2) decreased surface areas of the right insula, right middle and superior temporal regions, left occipital lingual as well as left cingulate isthmus. Furthermore, in the subcortical nuclei, PD-ICD showed (1) increased volumes of the paratenial thalamic nucleus and whole right amygdala and (2) decreased volumes of the right amygdalian basal nucleus and thalamic ventromedial nucleus. Conclusions: This study suggests that PD patients who also have ICD might be prone to develop over three years: (1) significant changes in cognitive performance (memory, attention), (2) morphological changes in the amygdala and thalamic nuclei and (3) significant atrophy and area shrinkage in the temporal and insula regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".