37 Perceived Financial Exploitation Vulnerability is Associated with Morphometry of the Parahippocampal Gyrus and Entorhinal Cortex in Cognitively Normal Older Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: Prior work suggests financial exploitation vulnerability may be an early behavioral manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Brain morphometric measures of the parahippocampal gyrus and entorhinal cortex have been shown to be sensitive to early AD progression. We hypothesized that perceived financial exploitation vulnerability may be associated with morphometric measures of the parahippocampal gyrus and entorhinal cortex in cognitively unimpaired older adults. We secondarily investigated the association of morphometric measures with neuropsychological measures. Participants and Methods: The sample consisted of 39 cognitively unimpaired older adults (mean age = 68.74 ± 6.43, mean education = 16.87 ± 2.35, 77% female). Cognitive impairment was screened using the telephone version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the cut-off was 21 for study participation. Perceived financial exploitation vulnerability was characterized using a 6-item self-report measure derived from the contextual items of the Lichtenberg Financial Rating Scale. Neuropsychological measures included the CVLT-II Long Delay Free Recall (verbal memory), Benson Complex Figure Recall (visual memory), and Verbal Fluency: Phonemic Test from the Alzheimer’s Disease Centers’ Uniform Data Set (UDS) version 3. Brain images were collected on a 7 Tesla Siemens Magnetom with the following parameters: TE=2.95ms, TR=2200ms, 240 sagittal slices, acquired voxel size (avs)=0.7mm x 0.7mm x 0.7mm. Structural brain images were processed using FreeSurfer version 7.2.0. Cortical thickness and volume measures were generated using the Killiany/Desikian parcellation atlas. Regions were averaged across hemispheres to obtain a single value for each region. Volume measures were adjusted for intracranial volume. Bivariate analyses were conducted to assess relationships between each outcome variable and potential confounders (age, sex, and education). Linear regression models were adjusted for any covariates significantly associated with the outcome variable (none for perceived financial exploitation vulnerability; sex and age for verbal memory; education for visual memory; sex for verbal fluency). Results: Smaller entorhinal cortex volume (β = -1275.14, SE = 582.79, p < 0.05) and lower parahippocampal gyrus thickness (β = -3.37, SE = 1.57, p < 0.05) were significantly associated with greater perceived financial exploitation vulnerability. Lower entorhinal cortex thickness was marginally associated with greater perceived financial exploitation vulnerability (β = -2.03, SE = 1.11, p = 0.08). Higher parahippocampal gyrus thickness was associated with better verbal fluency (β = 17.66, SE = 7.01, p < 0.05). Higher entorhinal cortex thickness was associated with better visual memory (β = 4.71, SE = 1.73, p < 0.05). No significant associations were observed between structural brain measures and verbal memory. Conclusions: These results suggest smaller entorhinal cortex volume and lower parahippocampal gyrus thickness are associated with higher perceived financial exploitation vulnerability in cognitively normal older adults. Additionally, parahippocampal gyrus thickness appears to be associated with verbal fluency abilities while entorhinal cortex thickness appears to be associated with visual memory. Taken together, these findings lend support to the notion that financial exploitation vulnerability may serve as an early behavioral manifestation of preclinical AD. Longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the temporal nature of these relationships.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".