Removal of Crystal Violet and Acid Red 1 Dyes from Wastewater by Mechanically Activated Talc
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Raw talc (RT) and mechanically activated talc (MAT) were prepared and used as adsorbents in the removal of Crystal Violet (CV) and Acid Red 1 (AR1) from aqueous solutions. The effect of pH, dye concentration, conditioning time, and temperature on the removal efficiency of acid and basic dyes by RT and MAT samples was investigated. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacities for CV and AR1 by MAT were 160 mg/g and 130 mg/g, respectively, which is 2-3 times that of RT. The experimental data indicated that the adsorption of both dyes by RT followed the Temkin isotherm, while MAT followed the Freundlich isotherm. The data also suggested that the adsorption behavior of CV and AR1 on MAT and RT followed a pseudo-second-order process, with intra-particle diffusion being the rate-limiting step for the adsorption kinetics of AR1 dye onto RT. The increase in the adsorption performance of MAT was attributed to the high pore volume and the presence of multi-charged sites caused by the rupture of chemical bonds through intensive material grinding. The change in the physical properties of (RT) and (MAT) were also investigated using XRD analysis, FTIR, zeta potential, particle size, and Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) analysis. The results have shown that the energy released during the intensive grinding caused significant crystal dislocation in raw talc, along with a noticeable shift in its isoelectric point (IEP), an increase in surface area, and a decrease in pore size. These findings support the experimental results.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".