Field Effect Passivation Enables 2.2 V Open-Circuit Voltage All-perovskite Tandems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
All-perovskite tandem solar cells are promising to break the efficiency limits of single-junction cells at low cost. However, such promise has been limited by the open circuit voltage (VOC) deficit in tandems. The VOC loss is greater in wide bandgap (>1.7 eV) top cells than in ~1.5 eV perovskites. Quasi-Fermi level splitting (QFLS) measurements reveal VOC-limiting recombination at the electron transport layer (ETL) contact. Our study shows that treating the perovskite surface with 1,3-propane diammonium (PDA) increases QFLS by 90 mV. We found that the suppressed interfacial recombination is due to reduced minority carrier population at the perovskite/C60 interface, and improved surface homogeneity. PDA treated 1.78 eV perovskite cells achieve a certified 1.33 V VOC, and > 19% power conversion efficiency (PCE). Incorporating this layer into a monolithic all-perovskite tandem, we report a tandem VOC of 2.2 V and > 28% PCE. Encapsulated tandems retain more than 85% of their initial PCE after 500 hrs operation under 1 sun illumination in ambient conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".