Closing the sex/gender gap in dementia: honing in on the vasculature (clinical/epidemiology)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Vascular cognitive impairment is the second most frequent form of dementia after Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Cerebral small vessel disease accounts for the majority of covert cerebrovascular damage and development of the most common form of VCI. Individuals with cerebral small vessel disease predominantly exhibit white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and lacunes of presumed vascular origin. These pathologies exacerbate other dementias, including AD. There are sex differences in the incidence and severity of cerebral small vessel disease. Females have greater WMH burden and progression, as well as incident lacunes vs. males. Preliminary evidence also suggest biological sex moderates the effect of aerobic exercise on WMH progression and cognitive function in adults with cerebral small vessel disease. Whether there is a sex difference in the effect of other types of exercise, such as resistance training, on WMH progression is currently unknown. Futures cohort and intervention studies need to include both sexes to examine sex differences in risk factors for cerebral small vessel disease as well as intervention effects. Understanding sex differences will allow precise recommendations that are sex specific for reducing the burden of VCI as well as AD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".