Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in an urban, community dwelling, elderly population and its association with Serum Vitamin B12 levels in South India.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Prevalence of cognitive disorders is becoming higher in low and middle income societies with increasing lifespan1. Multiple factors contribute to emergence of cognitive disorders including genes, lifestyle, diet and nutrition, co‐morbid metabolic and vascular risk factors 2. There has been only a few studies from India, looking at the prevalence of cognitive impairment in the community. Ageing and dietary preferences pose a higher risk for B12 and Folic acid deficiencies, contributing to cognitive difficulties3. Our study aims to look at the prevalence of cognitive impairment in a community dwelling elderly population and the association of mild cognitive Impairment (MCI) with serum B12 levels. Method A total of 308 individuals above the age of 60 were screened for medical issues and psychiatric illnesses. Those who fulfilled the intake criteria were evaluated using Subjective Memory Complaint Questionnaire (SMCQ), MOCA, ACE‐R or RUDAS and FAB. Serum B12 levels were evaluated for all the individuals. Result 51.8 percent of individuals had normal cognitive function. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 48.8%. Among these 42.3% of individuals had mild cognitive impairment. There was no significant correlation between MCI and Serum B12 levels in the screened population. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of cognitive difficulties in the studied population.Dietary deficiency of Vitamin B12 does not appear to be a major factor contributing to the MCI. Alzheimer’s disease, vascular cognitive impairment and lifestyle and metabolic risk factors may need to be considered as contributory factors References: 1) Ravindranath V, Sundarakumar JS. Changing demography and the challenge of dementia in India. Nat Rev Neurol. 2021 Dec;17(12):747‐58. 2)Scheltens P et al. Alzheimer’s disease. The Lancet. 2021 Apr 24;397(10284):1577‐90. 3) Zhang C et al; Vitamin B12, B6, or Folate and Cognitive Function in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2020 Jan 1;77(2):781‐94.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".