Association of Exercise Types in Adolescence with Cognitive Function in Older Age: the Bunkyo Health Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Exercise in adolescence has been shown to increase cognitive reserve and have a long-term preventive effect on cognitive function in older age (Dik, M. G., et al. 2003). However, it remains unclear whether different types and intensities of adolescent exercise have distinct impacts on cognitive function later in life. Therefore, the present study investigated the association between exercise types and intensity in adolescence and mild cognitive impairments (MCI) in older adults. METHOD: We analyzed data from the Bunkyo Health Study, which included 659 men and 912 women aged 65-84. MCI was defined as the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score of 22 points or less. We classified the 35 exercises participants engaged in their junior high school and high school reference to the classification guidelines (Maron, B. J., et al. 2015), which were divided into three levels of exercise intensity (low, moderate, high) in each type of exercise (aerobic, resistance, or a combination of both). Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in each category level for the prevalence of MCI, as compared with the non-exercise group. RESULT: In junior high school analysis, the ORs(95%CIs) for MCI were significantly lower in the moderate-resistance level group (OR: 0.45 [0.21-0.95], P-value = 0.04) and the high-combination level group (OR: 0.30 [0.11-0.81], P-value = 0.02) in men, whereas there were no significant differences in women. Similar results were observed in high school analysis, with lower ORs for MCI in moderate-resistance level (OR: 0.36 [0.16-0.77], P-value = 0.01) and high-combination level (OR: 0.34 [0.14-0.80], P-value = 0.01) groups, but not for women. CONCLUSION: Participation in the moderate-resistance level and/or the high-combination level exercises in junior high school or high school was associated with a lower prevalence of MCI in older age among men, but not women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".