Concomitant traumatic brain injury as a determinant of survival, and neurological and functional outcomes after traumatic spinal cord injury: A retrospective cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although concomitant traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not infrequently associated with spinal cord injury (SCI), there is relatively scarce information about the effects of concomitant TBI on outcomes after SCI. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of concomitant mild-to-moderate TBI on survival, and neurological and functional outcomes within the first year after acute traumatic SCI. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Acute spine trauma centers in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: This study includes all individuals who were enrolled into the Third National Spinal Cord Injury Study (NASCIS-3). The study population was classified into SCI + TBI group and SCI-alone group. TBI was defined as a Glasgow Coma Scale score <15 on admission. INTERVENTION: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Both groups were compared regarding their survival and neurological outcomes (ie, NASCIS motor, sensory and pain scores) and functional outcome (ie, Functional Independence Measure score) within the first year following SCI. Data analyses were adjusted for major potential confounders. RESULTS: There were 413 individuals in the SCI-alone group and 86 individuals in the SCI + TBI group (17.2%). Both groups were comparable regarding gender distribution (p = .621). However, the SCI + TBI group was older (p < .001), had a higher proportion of complete (p = .006) and cervical SCI (p = .003), and had a higher blood alcohol level (p < .001) than the SCI-alone group. The SCI + TBI group did not significantly differ from the SCI-alone group regarding survival within the first year after SCI (p = .768). Among the survivors, concomitant mild-to-moderate TBI did not significantly affect neurological and functional outcomes at 1 year after SCI in the multiple regression analyses after adjusting for major potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that concomitant mild-to-moderate TBI did not have a significant impact on survival, neurological recovery, and functional outcomes at 1 year after SCI, even though there were some epidemiological differences between SCI-alone and SCI + TBI groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".