ALMATY KAZAKHS IN THE XIX-XX CENTURIES: HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Written sources. Since ancient times, they have been the main tool for transmitting events, facts and names related to the history of the Kazakh people, written in different languages. Such written data occupy an important place in the study of the problems of the history of the city, the region. Written sources on the history of Almaty (manuscripts, early printed books of the East and West, Russian archival materials) are stored in scientific centers, manuscript repositories of France, Italy, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Great Britain, Russia, Uzbekistan, China, India. This article examines the role of the Kazakh intelligentsia, political figures in the history of the city, which stood at the crossroads of civilizations. Historical studies of recent years have revealed little-known pages of the social, political, spiritual, cultural life of the Kazakh population of Almaty at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The multifaceted thousand-year history of the city included aitys, testifying to the enormous spiritual wealth of the Kazakh people. The article uses new data on the aitys of famous akyns of Zhambyl, Shashubai, Katagan, about the life and activities of prominent figures of the Alash movement who lived in Almaty at the end of the XIX - first quarter of the XX century B. Syrtanov, M. Tynyshbayev, S. Amanzholov, Y.Zhainakov, B. Mametov, etc.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.010 | 0.015 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".