Vacancy-Rich Carbon-Coated Niobium Carbide Prepared via Carbothermal Reduction of Biomass-Based Carbon Precursors for Efficient Catalytic Epoxidation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, transition metal carbides are expected to play a crucial role in catalysis, energy storage, and electrochemistry. In this study, a vacancy-rich carbon-coated niobium carbide material (NbC@C) was prepared via a simple and relatively milder carbothermic reduction method, sourced from niobium tartrate and sustainable biomass derivatives, glucose, and resorcinol. The formation mechanism of NbC@C materials was proposed with the help of XRD and temperature-programmed decomposition-mass spectrometer. Moreover, high activity for epoxidation of cyclooctene was obtained over the NbC@C material with an impressive yield (93.7%) of epoxycyclooctane, which was much higher than that over commercial NbC-C. The excellent catalytic performance of NbC@C can be ascribed to the high concentration of vacancies generated during the carbothermic reduction process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".