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Record W4390451164 · doi:10.4311/2023es0104

Rock Pigeon Cave, Colorado: development and mineralogy

2023· article· en· W4390451164 on OpenAlex
Douglas M. Medville

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Cave and Karst Studies · 2023
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEarth and Planetary Sciences
TopicKarst Systems and Hydrogeology
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersU.S. Bureau of Land ManagementU.S. Geological SurveyUniversity of WaterlooColorado School of Mines
KeywordsGeologyOil shalePyriteCaveGypsumMineralogySulfateGeochemistryKarstChemistryPaleontologyArchaeology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The late Cretaceous Mancos Shale in western Colorado contains several vadose caves developed entirely within the shale. The largest of these, Rock Pigeon Cave, is over 300 m in length and contains a seasonal stream. The cave, and others like it, is hypothesized to develop as a result of the oxidation of disseminated pyrite in the shale by descending meteoric water with resulting sulfate ions reacting with the carbonate component of the shale to produce gypsum. The gypsum pries apart the shale, increasing its secondary porosity, and allows flowing water to remove shale particles via corrasion. As these particles are removed, they are transported down-gradient to an outlet, allowing continuous openings (cave passages) to develop. Extensive sulfate mineralization is observed within the cave and takes several forms: soft globular deposits on rocks at water level, a white to tan crust on shale surfaces, dry crusts on the passage floor following evaporation of pools, and needle and hair-like extrusions on passage walls. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that these deposits are a mixture of thenardite and blodite with lesser amounts of gypsum, hexahydrite, and konyaite. Na+, Mg2+, and SO4 2- ions in the entering stream are the source of the sulfate minerals at stream level and on the wetted slopes above. These come out of solution as the cave stream and pools evaporate with sulfates precipitating as saturation is reached. Fibrous, needle-like sulfates on walls above the wetted zone are a result of crystallization by evaporation: fluids containing sulfate ions are extruded and evaporate at the rock/air interface. Other minerals, e.g., deposits containing goethite and jarosite, are seen on passage walls as reaction products from oxidation of pyrite in the shale.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.049
Threshold uncertainty score0.299

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.040
GPT teacher head0.261
Teacher spread0.221 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it