Backflashover Analysis of Transmission Lines Considering Variation of Soil Electrical Parameters with Frequency and Water Content
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates the lightning performance of three soil models considering their electrical parameters dependent on the frequency and water content. These soil models are Smith-Longmire, Scott, and Messier models. First, the harmonic grounding impedance of a 30-m rod buried in stratified soil is analyzed using the full-wave electromagnetic software Altair FEKO for a frequency range of 100 Hz to 10MHz. Then, their impact on the ground potential rise (GPR) waveforms for different lightning currents is assessed. Finally, a backflashover analysis is carried out for a transmission line on stratified soil. Results indicated a notable variation in the harmonic impedance above 1 MHz. This variation has a pronounced impact on the GPR waveforms for different currents, especially in the peak values when the three soil models are used compared with the frequency-constant soil model. Finally, transient analysis for the transmission line demonstrates that depending on the lightning current waveform and soil model, a backflashover occurs and may lead to an outage in the power system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".