Phytosanitary Practices in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Survey of 500 Market Gardeners in the Kinshasa and Lubumbashi Cities Between 2020-2021
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study involved a survey on phytosanitary practices among 500 market gardeners in the cities of Kinshasa and Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Market gardening was practiced by 56.2% of men and 43.8% by women. The average age was 42 ± 8.7 years. Most producers (77.4%) had at least a secondary level of education (Primary School Diploma). Only 9.4% of respondents had been trained in the proper use of plant protection products. Thiodan-Endosulfan, a prohibited and highly toxic substance, was the most widely used product (93%). None of the market gardeners surveyed were using the recommended rates of insecticides. More than half of the respondents did not wear personal protective equipment when preparing and applying pesticides. Empty pesticide packages were most often abandoned in the fields or discarded in the environment (57%). Phytosanitary practices in the DRC are potentially harmful to the environment, the health of farmers and consumers.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".