A Case Study of the Short-Term Development of Body Composition and Substrate Utilization Following Prolonged Low-Intensity Ski Trekking with Inadequate Energy Intake in Svalbard
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This case study aimed to examine the short-term development of body composition and substrate utilization (i.e., contribution of fat and carbohydrates to energy supply) following prolonged low-intensity ski trekking (LIST) with inadequate energy intake in an Arctic region. For 23 days, two highly aerobically fit, male recreational athletes (24 and 26 years) performed ~2 – 11 hours of LIST each day, while pulling supply sledges (initially ~80 kg) across the length of Svalbard’s largest island, Spitsbergen (~640 km). We estimated body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). For evaluation of substrate utilization, we analyzed pulmonary respiratory gas-exchange ratio (RER) using an ergospirometry system during treadmill trekking (ski trekking simulation). Results indicated that the energy intake of each participant during this unsupported expedition was ~21.4 MJ·day-1 (~5107 kcal·day-1), of which ~33% (~5.0 g·kg-1·day-1), ~51% (~3.4 g·kg-1·day-1), and ~16% (~2.4 g·kg-1·day-1) came from carbohydrates, fat, and proteins, respectively. Body mass decreased by 7.2 kg (8.4%) in Subject A, and 4.4 kg (5.2%) in Subject B. Absolute fat mass decreased by 5.4 kg (37%) and 4.7 kg (30%) in Subject A and Subject B, respectively, whereas the changes in fat-free mass (–1.8 kg in Subject A, and +0.3 kg in Subject B) were within the random measurement error of the BIA analyser. Changes in RER in Subject A (–0.01 to –0.02 units) were within the random measurement error, whereas the RER data in Subject B were not interpretable due to excessive fluctuations in ventilatory equivalent for oxygen. In conclusion, this study indicates that short-term, prolonged LIST, performed with an energy deficit corresponding to a weight loss of ~2 kg·week-1, can lead to leaner body composition without notable changes in fat-free mass in well-trained, male recreational athletes. Furthermore, substrate utilization does not appear to be affected by short-term, prolonged LIST in this subgroup of athletes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".