A new lattice Boltzmann model for liquid–solid phase transition and its application in the simulation of sessile droplet solidification – focusing on volume change
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper introduces a new modification to the convective Cahn–Hilliard equation and a lattice Boltzmann framework to simulate liquid–solid phase transitions in multicomponent systems. The model takes into account changes in properties, such as density, caused by solidification, which leads to volume expansion or contraction. After validating the proposed model against classical problems and experimental data, the solidification of a sessile droplet was investigated in detail. Results of numerical simulations suggest that the environmental conditions are as important as the surface condition in deciding the freezing time and the final shape of the droplet. The environmental properties can also affect the freezing time indirectly through interaction with surface wettability. It has been demonstrated that hydrophobic surfaces may lose their advantages over hydrophilic surfaces in terms of anti-icing performance when primary solidification is initiated from the interface between the droplet and the environment fluid. The deformations of droplets, either with contraction or expansion, were confirmed and compared in different environments. This study offers a new perspective on droplet solidification by exposing the strong influence of environmental conditions and meanwhile provides a useful numerical method to predict the phase change process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".