Restitutions of Cultural Property: The Transnational Production of Frames of Reference and Norms of Ownership for Cultural Property
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The restitution of cultural property draws on a series of legal and moral considerations that underpin the legitimacy of the ownership of cultural property. Restitution is the act of restoring something to its legitimate owner(s), but the legitimacy of the latter is based on institutional, legal, and moral principles whose purpose and interpretations may vary over time. This article looks at the emergence since the late 1970s of new frames of reference in the context of relations between transnational actors. These frames of reference all question the legitimacy of the ownership of cultural property acquired during the period of European colonization, from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through to the 1960s. Here I identify and explain three frames of reference for the restitution of cultural property: authenticity, restitution as reparation, and human and spiritual rights.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.056 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.016 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".